The Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE) tests professional conduct and ethics. The exam is administered 3 times a year by the National Conference of Bar Examiners® (NCBE), and prospective attorneys who take it have 2 hours to complete 60 multiple-choice questions. Performance is measured using a scaled score that ranges from 50 to 150. The MPRE is a prerequisite for admission to the bar exam in most U.S. jurisdictions, although Wisconsin and Puerto Rico do not require it. Connecticut and New Jersey require the MPRE, too, but they also offer an alternative option with the completion of a law school course on professional responsibility.1
How the MPRE is Scored
The NCBE uses a statistical method called equating to determine MPRE scores. This method is widely used in scoring standardized tests such as the MCAT®, SAT®, and CFA® to ensure fairness across different versions of the exams.2
For instance, if last year's exam is easier than this year’s, examinees may receive bonus points. Conversely, points may be deducted for easier exam versions. Since test difficulty can vary across administrations, the NCBE utilizes equating to estimate differences in score distributions and create a consistent measurement scale.
It’s important to note that only 50 of the 60 MPRE exam questions are scored. Correct answers contribute to the scaled scores (raw scores), while incorrect answers do not carry negative marks. Passing scores vary by jurisdiction, ranging from 75 to 86, with 85 being the most common.3
How the MPRE Raw Score Is Converted to a Scaled Score
Remember, the NCBE generates scaled scores using a statistical method called equating. This process calibrates an examinee’s raw score by considering the comparative difficulty of their test relative to past exams. Essentially, bonus points may be awarded or deducted based on the exam’s difficulty level.
While the NCBE does not disclose specific data on how it converts the raw percentage of correct answers into final scaled scores, a 2011 article by Susan M. Case, Ph.D. (former NCBE Director of Testing for the NCBE) offers some estimations:4
# Correct / 50 | # Correct / 60 | Raw % | Scaled Score |
---|---|---|---|
34 | 41 | 68% | 100 |
30 | 36 | 60% | 85 |
29 | 35 | 58% | 80 |
28 | 34 | 56% | 75 |
By answering just 2 additional questions correctly, an examinee can increase their score from 75 to 85 based on the estimations above. If you consistently score between 30 and 35 on mock exams, you are well-positioned to pass the MPRE, regardless of jurisdiction.
MPRE Score Percentiles
MPRE scores range from 50 to 150, with a mean scaled score of 96.6 as of August 2024.5 When the MPRE first standardized its scaled scoring system in March 1999, the average score was 100.3 Although average scores have fluctuated over time, a score of 100 typically indicates that 68% of questions were answered correctly.6
Key percentile insights:
- Scores above 130 place examinees in the top 5th percentile.
- A score of 50 represents the lowest end of the percentile range.
- The most common minimum passing score is 85, which corresponds to approximately 60% of questions answered correctly.
- A passing score of 80 corresponds to 58% correct answers, while a score of 75 corresponds to 56%.
Scoring Breakdown for the MPRE
Each of the 12 subjects on the MPRE assesses a different aspect of the examinee’s knowledge and understanding of professional and ethical standards in the legal field. Since the MPRE consists of 60 multiple-choice questions, we can estimate how the weight of each subject corresponds to the number of questions allocated:
Subject | Weightage | # Questions |
---|---|---|
Regulation of the Legal Profession | 6-12% | 3-6 |
The Client/Lawyer Relationship | 10-16% | 5-8 |
Client Confidentiality | 6-12% | 3-6 |
Conflicts of Interest | 12-18% | 6-9 |
Competence, Legal Malpractice, and Other Civil Liability | 6-12% | 3-6 |
Litigation and Other Forms of Advocacy | 10-16% | 5-8 |
Transactions and Communications with Persons other than Clients | 2-8% | 1-4 |
Different Roles of the Lawyer | 4-10% | 2-5 |
Safekeeping Funds and Other Property | 2-8% | 1-4 |
Communications About Legal Services | 4-10% | 2-5 |
Lawyer's Duties to the Public and the Legal System | 2-4% | 1-4 |
Judicial Conduct | 2-8% | 1-4 |
*Source6
Please note that subjects may sometimes change. Therefore, it is advisable to review a variety of past MPRE exams to develop a comprehensive understanding of the material, ensuring both readiness and flexibility.
Only 50 out of the 60 MPRE questions are scored, and there is no penalty for incorrect answers. A common rule of thumb is to consider each correct answer as worth 3 points, although this is not an exact method and may overestimate the scaled score.
- California and Utah require a minimum score of 86.7
- Calculation: 86 ÷ 3 = 28.67 (rounded up to 29) + 1 for a safety buffer = 30 correct answers needed.
- While this method does not perfectly align with scoring estimates, it provides a useful guideline.
- To be safe, candidates should aim for 1–2 additional correct answers beyond the calculated total.
MPRE Minimum Passing Score by State
Minimum passing scores for the MPRE vary by jurisdiction. California and Utah have the highest minimum passing score requirement at86.3 In contrast, Alabama, the District of Columbia, Georgia, Mississippi, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Palau, and the Virgin Islands set the lowest passing score at 75. The most frequently observed minimum passing score is 85, followed closely by 80.
MPS | Jurisdiction |
---|---|
75 | Alabama, District of Columbia, Georgia, Mississippi, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Palau, the Virgin Islands |
77 | South Carolina |
80 | Alaska, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky,* Louisiana, Maine, Missouri, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands |
85 | Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming |
86 | California, Utah |
*Source8
MPRE National Mean Scaled Scores, 2018–2024
The NCBE releases the mean scaled scores for each of the 3 individual exams, as well as for the combined scores of all 3 exams taken annually:
Year | Mar / Apr | August | Oct / Nov | Year Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | 94.7 | 94.8 | 93.4 | 94.5 |
2019 | 94.9 | 96.9 | 98.0 | 96.6 |
2020 | 95.8 | 98.6 | 98.8 | 97.6 |
2021 | 99.0 | 96.0 | 97.5 | 97.5 |
2022 | 95.6 | 96.0 | 97.2 | 96.3 |
2023 | 94.9 | 96.9 | 98.0 | 96.6 |
2024 | 97.1 | 97.0 | 95.6 | 96.6 |
*Source9
When are MPRE scores released?
Examinees can usually access their MPRE scores through the “File Cabinet” in their NCBE Account within 5 weeks after the exam date. Please be aware that access to these scores expires when the next exam is administered. For instance, if you take the March exam, your scores will be available until the August exam is administered.
If an examinee does not save their score within this time frame, they must contact MPRE Score Services to request an MPRE Unofficial Score Transcript.
MPRE Score Services and When to Use Them
Examinees may contact MPRE score services through their NCBE account after completing the exam. The MPRE score services provide the following options for examinees:
- Designate additional jurisdictions for score reporting.
- Designate a jurisdiction if you did not do so upon registration.
- Retrieve your MPRE score from your NCBE Account after it has expired (for scores from 1999 or later).
- Recheck your MPRE score within two months of your test date.
Maximum Age of MPRE Scores
Depending on the jurisdiction, a candidate’s MPRE score is valid for a specific time frame, either before or after passing the Uniform Bar Examination® (UBE). Additionally, each jurisdiction establishes its own policy regarding the maximum age of MPRE scores.
For instance, in Washington, D.C., MPRE scores do not expire, whereas in Texas, they are valid for five years from the date the exam is taken. Below are several examples of the time parameters and maximum score ages associated with the MPRE.
State | Parameters |
---|---|
New York | In New York, the MPRE can be taken before or after the bar exam, and a passing score of 85 is valid for 4 years. Applicants must pass the MPRE within 3 years of taking the second day of the Uniform Bar Exam (UBE) and before being certified for admission. |
California | In California, there is no expiration for MPRE scores, and the passing score is 86. While the MPRE can be taken anytime, it's recommended to complete it at least 3 months before receiving bar exam results to avoid licensing delays. |
Florida | In Florida, the MPRE passing score is 80, and it must be achieved within 25 months of passing other parts of the Florida Bar Exam. While there’s no maximum age for scores, applicants are encouraged to take the MPRE during their 2L or early 3L year. |
Texas | In Texas, the MPRE passing score is 85, and it remains valid for 5 years. The exam can be taken before or after the bar exam and is administered 3 times a year. |
Washington D.C. | In Washington, D.C., the MPRE passing score is 75, and there is no expiration for MPRE scores. The exam can be taken before or after the bar exam and is administered 3 times a year. |
*Sources9, 10, 11, 12, 13
Score Services Fees
Service | Action | Cost |
---|---|---|
MPRE Unofficial Score Transcript | Learn Score | $30 |
MPRE Score Report | Send Score to Jurisdiction | $30 |
MPRE Score Verification | Verify Score | $50 |
Sending a Score to a Jurisdiction
When MPRE candidates register for their exam, they can choose their preferred jurisdiction. Candidates can review their selected jurisdiction in the “Summary of Request for Test Authorization” section of their NCBE Account File Cabinet. If candidates do not select a jurisdiction at the time of registration or wish to add jurisdictions later, they must request an MPRE Score Report for a fee of $30.
Score Report
Requests for Unofficial Score Transcripts must be made through a candidate’s NCBE Account for a fee of $30. Please note that Unofficial Score Transcripts are for personal use only and will not be accepted for reporting MPRE scores to your jurisdiction. The transcripts include all MPRE scores dating back to 1999.
Score Verification
Candidates may request score verification by submitting an MPRE Score Verification request. Requests must be made within 2 months of the test date through the “File Cabinet” section of their NCBE Account for a fee of $50.
Correct Questions Needed to Pass the MPRE
MPRE examinees must correctly answer between 30 and 35 questions to pass the MPRE. Minimum passing scores, which vary by jurisdiction, range from 75 to 86. Please refer to the “MPRE Minimum Passing Score by State” section above for your jurisdiction’s passing score. The NCBE does not disclose how raw scores are converted into scaled scores; however, a 2011 article written by a former NCBE director provides the following estimations:
# Correct/50 | #Correct/60 | Raw % | Scaled Score |
---|---|---|---|
34 | 41 | 68% | 100 |
30 | 36 | 60% | 85 |
29 | 35 | 58% | 80 |
28 | 34 | 56% | 75 |
Frequently Asked Questions
Is the MPRE curved or scaled?
The NCBE assesses MPRE performance through a scaled score that ranges from 50 to 150.
What is the good and average MPRE score?
An MPRE score between 130 and 150 ranks an individual in the top 5th percentile of examinees, whereas a score of 50 falls within the lowest percentile. In 2021, the average MPRE score was 97.6, significantly above both the lowest minimum passing score of 75 and the highest minimum passing score of 86.
How hard is it to score 85 on the MPRE exam?
Scoring 85 on the MPRE typically requires answering about 60% of questions correctly (around 30 out of 50 scored questions). With focused study, most candidates can prepare in less than 2 months, and aiming for 38-39 correct answers provides a safety margin.
What is a 75% MPRE score?
A 75 on the MPRE is a scaled score, not a percentage, and is one of the lowest passing scores required in some jurisdictions. It typically corresponds to answering about 28 out of 50 scored questions correctly, though the exact number varies by exam administration.
How do you get an 80 on the MPRE?
To score 80 on the MPRE, you typically need to answer about 29 out of 50 scored questions correctly (around 34-35 out of 60 total questions). Since scoring can vary, aiming for 85 provides a safer margin.
What is the MPRE fail percentage?
The MPRE fail rate varies by jurisdiction, but in 2023, about 16-18% of examinees scored below 80, and 20-25% scored below 85 (the most common passing score). The fail rate fluctuates by exam administration and required passing score.
How do I report MPRE scores to a jurisdiction?
Examinees must designate their jurisdiction with the NCBE when they register for the MPRE. If an examinee did not make a designation or they would like to add multiple jurisdictions, they must contact MPRE Score Services to request an MPRE Score Report.
References
- National Conference of Bar Examiners. (n.d.). Which jurisdictions require the MPRE? Retrieved from
https://help.ncbex.org/hc/en-us/articles/22969275289627-Which-jurisdictions-require-the-MPRE - National Conference of Bar Examiners. (2017-2018, Winter). The testing column: Q&A – NCBE testing and research department staff members answer your questions. The Bar Examiner. Retrieved from
https://thebarexaminer.ncbex.org/article/winter-2017-2018/the-testing-column-qa-ncbe-testing-and-research-department-staff-members-answer-your-questions/ - National Conference of Bar Examiners. (2018). 2018 MPRE statistics. The Bar Examiner. Retrieved from
https://thebarexaminer.ncbex.org/statistics/2018-statistics/mpre2018/ - National Conference of Bar Examiners. (n.d.). Testing column (PDF). Retrieved from
https://thebarexaminer.ncbex.org/wp-content/uploads/PDFs/800111_TestingColumn.pdf - National Conference of Bar Examiners. (2024). NCBE releases national mean August 2024 MPRE. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbex.org/news-resources/ncbe-releases-national-mean-august-2024-mpre - National Conference of Bar Examiners. (2023). MPRE subject matter outline. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbex.org/sites/default/files/2023-01/MPRE_Subject_Matter_Outline.pdf - Wisevoter. (n.d.). MPRE scores by state. Retrieved from
https://wisevoter.com/state-rankings/mpre-scores-by-state/ - National Conference of Bar Examiners. (2018, Summer). Facts & figures. The Bar Examiner. Retrieved from
https://thebarexaminer.ncbex.org/article/summer-2018/facts-figures/ - New York State Board of Law Examiners. (n.d.). MPRE requirements. Retrieved from
https://www.nybarexam.org/MPRE/MPRE.html - State Bar of California. (n.d.). Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE). Retrieved from
https://www.calbar.ca.gov/Admissions/Examinations/Multistate-Professional-Responsibility-Examination - BARBRI. (n.d.). Florida Bar admission checklist (PDF). Retrieved from
https://pages.barbri.com/rs/833-RRN-871/images/FL-Bar-admission-checklist.pdf?version=1 - National Conference of Bar Examiners. (n.d.). Texas MPRE requirements. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbex.org/print/pdf/jurisdiction/TX - National Conference of Bar Examiners. (n.d.). Washington, D.C. MPRE requirements. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbex.org/jurisdictions/DC